- Explain how and why tachycardia (increased heart rate) affects coronary blood flow? (Hint: focus on diastole) [3 points]
- What special adaptations or characteristics do cardiomyocytes have that allow them to continue to work (pump) even in times of limited oxygen supply such as ischemia? (Hint: How do the cells get energy when oxygen supply is low?) [1 point]
- The venous valves are dysfunctional in a 4 inch length of a large leg vein. This may lead to varicose veins. How would you explain to your patient why their veins are bulging? Will the patient suffer from hypotensive episodes because of this? Explain briefly. [3 points]
- If the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is overactive this could lead to hypertension. Explain why this might occur using at least 3 important physiological principles you have learned in N589 (Hint: consider the effect on salt, water and cardiac output) [4 points]
- During times of stress, do you think it would be advantageous for the arterioles that supply the gut with blood to constrict or dilate? Why? (2 points)
- During times of stress, do you think it would be advantageous for the arterioles that supply blood to the heart and brain to constrict or dilate? Why? (2 points)
- Explain how coughing or straining (Valsalva manoeuvre) can cause light headedness (Hint: venous return and intrathoracic pressure concepts need to be included in the answer). (3 points)
- Give any 3 circumstances during which healthy people would use their
muscles of expiration. (1 point) - Describe why diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane changes in each of the following: 1. Emphysema; 2. Pulmonary Fibrosis; 3. Exercise (focus on pulmonary capillaries in exercise) (Hint: consider the factors that affect diffusion rate of a gas; identify the factor affected in each.) (6 points)
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