Each of your essays should be a thorough response to the overall question. Please formulate your answers into an essay and refrain from answering each specific question as an independent question. Explicit efforts should be made to incorporate and cite course readings and outside readings into your essays, to support your answers. (Sources may be listed at the end of each answer or at the end of your exam.) While some of the questions may have “yes” or “no” answers or ask your opinion, you are expected to fully defend and/or explain your answer using the relevant research literature, textbooks, examples, or other scholarly means.
Question: Implementation is often considered one of the biggest obstacles to effective public policy.
What do we mean by policy implementation? It is also argued that administrative discretion by public managers is an inevitable component of contemporary American policy-making, especially during policy implementation.
What factors contribute to this tendency? What are the implications for the role of administrative managers and leaders in public policy-making when they attempt to convert legislative intent into rules, procedures, and practices for implementing programs and delivering services?
What means might be employed to make this form of administrative activity more accountable to and controlled by elected officials while achieving effective policy implementation? Discuss fully.
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